Research branch · dated evidence

Maps

A chronological stream of original historical maps. Dates are primary here. Do not redraw an old map to make it fit The Living Realm. Show the original, record what it depicts, then set it beside the next one.

Seven period originals. Two later schematics, labeled as such. Nothing is corrected silently — Disturnell’s El Paso error stays on Disturnell; island California stays an island until a later plate draws a peninsula. Photographs of later cities are a different shelf. Photographic Breadcrumbs.

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Colonial jurisdictions

British, French, and Spanish limits as London printed them in 1755.

Map of the British and French Dominions in North America, 1755. John Mitchell; engraved by Thomas Kitchin.

1755

Map of the British and French Dominions in North America

John Mitchell; engraved by Thomas Kitchin

Period original

What this plate depicts

A claims map of eastern North America: British and French dominions, roads, distances, limits, and extent of settlements, inscribed to the Earl of Halifax and the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations. Native nations appear as names inside imperial geography. The west coast of the continent is outside this sheet’s job. This is colonial jurisdiction as London printed it in 1755, not a Native-authored map of nations.

Source
Library of Congress; published for Jefferys and Faden, London, 13 February 1755.
License
Public domain.
Open plate
A New and Accurate Map of North America, 1755. John Huske; Thomas Kitchin sculpt..

1755

A New and Accurate Map of North America

John Huske; Thomas Kitchin sculpt.

Period original

What this plate depicts

The title states the job: to correct “the errors of all preceding British, French and Dutch maps respecting the rights of Great Britain, France & Spain, & the limits of each of His Majesty’s provinces.” Coverage runs from Newfoundland toward Florida, with a Hudson Bay inset. Pennsylvania’s drawn limits are part of the argument. This plate is a dispute about European rights, drawn as geography.

Source
Library of Congress, from Huske’s The Present State of North America (also issued 1760).
License
Public domain.
Open plate

All plates

Year order. Open a plate, read what it depicts, then compare it with the next original.

  1. 1507Universalis CosmographiaOriginal
  2. c. 1650California as an islandOriginal
  3. 1755Map of the British and French Dominions in North AmericaOriginal
  4. 1755A New and Accurate Map of North AmericaOriginal
  5. 1847Mapa de los Estados Unidos de MéjicoOriginal
  6. 1848 outcome (modern schematic)Mexican CessionSchematic
  7. 1857U.S. Coast Survey — San Francisco Bay and the California coastOriginal
  8. 19th c. posts (modern schematic)Russian America — named settlementsSchematic
  9. 1877Distribution of Indian tribes in CaliforniaOriginal