Copied from the atlas · not supplied
Sources
A citation appears only when a source line is already written somewhere in the atlas. A named work with no edition stays marked for sourcing. A record with no source stays unfilled. Nothing on this page was added to close a gap.
Provenance
Provenance identifies where a claim comes from. It does not determine whether the claim is true. Multiple evidence types may support the same record. SCARC keeps the source and the interpretation separate.
85 cited · 25 named, no edition · 44 unfilled
Cited
Universalis Cosmographia
Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division (the 1507 world map).
Martin Waldseemüller · 1507 · Public domain (published 1507).
Cited
California as an island
Library of Congress; Wikimedia Commons scan of the c. 1650 manuscript.
Joan Vinckeboons (Johannes Vingboons) · c. 1650 · Public domain.
Cited
Map of the British and French Dominions in North America
Library of Congress; published for Jefferys and Faden, London, 13 February 1755.
John Mitchell; engraved by Thomas Kitchin · 1755 · Public domain.
Cited
A New and Accurate Map of North America
Library of Congress, from Huske’s The Present State of North America (also issued 1760).
John Huske; Thomas Kitchin sculpt. · 1755 · Public domain.
Cited
Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico
University of Texas at Arlington Libraries Special Collections; the 1847 edition used in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo copies.
John Disturnell (after White, Gallaher & White, 1828) · 1847 · Public domain.
Cited
U.S. Coast Survey — San Francisco Bay and the California coast
Geographicus / Wikimedia; Coast Survey sketch of Section X, Point Sal to Tomales Bay, 1857.
U.S. Coast Survey, under A. D. Bache · 1857 · Public domain (U.S. government work).
Cited
Distribution of Indian tribes in California
Wikimedia Commons scan of Powell’s 1877 distribution map of California tribes.
John Wesley Powell (U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region) · 1877 · Public domain (U.S. government work, 1877).
Cited
Russian America — named settlements
Wikimedia Commons file “Russian America Settlements Map.png” — a later schematic, not a Russian-period chart.
Modern locator compiled from the Russian-period post list (Kodiak to Fort Ross). · 19th c. posts (modern schematic) · Used here as a labeled schematic. Not a substitute for an 1817 or 1867 original sheet.
Cited
Mexican Cession
Wikimedia Commons “Mexican Cession.png” — a later diagram, not an 1848 survey.
Modern teaching schematic of the 1848 territorial outcome. · 1848 outcome (modern schematic) · Schematic. The period treaty map in this atlas is Disturnell 1847.
Cited
Panorama of Saint Petersburg
Wikimedia Commons scan of an 1861 Saint Petersburg panorama strip.
Period drawn panorama (waterfront strip). · 1861 · Public domain.
Cited
On the rooftops of London
National Library of Ireland on The Commons; Wikimedia scan. Pre-1869 rooftop view, likely c. 1865.
Unknown photographer. National Library of Ireland, STP_0424. · c. 1865 · No known copyright restrictions (Flickr Commons / NLI).
Cited
London from the south side of the Thames
Norman B. Leventhal Map Center collection, circulated via Wikimedia Commons.
Printed panorama (Leventhal Map Center / Wikimedia scan). · c. 1865 · Public domain.
Cited
Place Dauphine
Bibliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris; Wikimedia scan of the albumen print.
Charles Marville · c. 1865 · Public domain (Marville died 1879).
Cited
Aerial view of Paris — Place de l’Étoile
Brown University Library; Wikimedia Commons file of the 1868 balloon exposure.
Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon), from Henri Giffard’s tethered balloon. · 1868 · Public domain (Nadar died 1910; published nineteenth century).
Cited
Panorama from the dome of St Peter’s
Cleveland Museum of Art, 2016.542 (CC0).
Unidentified photographer. Albumen print from collodion negative. · c. 1860s · CC0 1.0 — Cleveland Museum of Art Open Access.
Cited
View of Boston, July 4th 1870
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division; Wikimedia scan of the 1870 lithograph.
F. Fuchs; John Weik; New England Lith. Co. · 1870 · Public domain.
Cited
St Stephen’s Cathedral, Vienna
Period photograph reproduced in Ciuffoletti, Das Reich der Habsburger; Wikimedia Commons scan.
Michael Frankenstein, photographer. · c. 1870 · Public domain (Frankenstein died 1918; photograph c. 1870).
Cited
Staatsbahnhof under construction, 13 March 1870
Wien Museum; scan published in Blickfänge einer Reise nach Wien — Fotografien 1860–1910.
Hermann Voigtländer · 1870 · Public domain.
Cited
Toward the center of Vienna from Mariahilf
Rijksmuseum, RP-F-F12684, albumen stereophotograph.
Anonymous photographer; published by Oscar Kramer. · 1870–77 · Public domain (Rijksmuseum).
Cited
Bird’s-eye view of Chicago as it was before the great fire
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LCCN 94501513.
Theodore R. Davis. Wood engraving in Harper’s Weekly, 21 October 1871. · 1871 · Public domain (U.S. publication, 1871).
Cited
Chicago after the fire
Google Art Project / Wikimedia; panoramic photograph of the burnt district.
Attributed to George N. Barnard · 1871 · Public domain.
Cited
Berlin from a bird’s-eye
Landesarchiv Berlin, F Rep. 270, A 2062; Wikimedia scan.
Robert Meinhardt. Colored lithograph; first issued 1868, this state 1871. · 1871 · Public domain (Meinhardt died 1910).
Cited
The City of Chicago as it was before the great conflagration
Library of Congress; Wikimedia scan of the 1872 lithograph.
W. Flint · 1872 · Public domain.
Cited
New York — Battery Park and the East River
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, PGA. Restored scan on Wikimedia Commons.
George Schlegel, artist; George Degen, publisher. · 1873 · Public domain (filed 1873; LOC also dates a state 1874).
Cited
The City of St. Louis
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division; Wikimedia scan of the 1874 lithograph.
Parsons & Atwater; published by Currier & Ives. · 1874 · Public domain.
Cited
Denver, Colorado, 1874
Denver Public Library / DPLA; Wikimedia Commons.
Period bird’s-eye lithograph. · 1874 · No copyright — United States (DPLA rights statement).
Cited
London Bridge from the Southwark side
Rijksmuseum, RP-F-F05034, albumen print.
Anonymous photographer. Rijksmuseum, Views in London series. · c. 1870s · Public domain (Rijksmuseum).
Cited
Philadelphia, 1876 — chromatic view
Library of Congress, LCCN 79695384; Wikimedia scan.
Chromolithograph issued for the Centennial year. · 1876 · Public domain.
Cited
Avenue de l’Opéra — demolition
J. Paul Getty Museum / Brown University Library; Wikimedia scan.
Charles Marville · c. 1877 · Public domain.
Cited
The City of San Francisco, from the bay looking south-west
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, ppmsca.08933.
Charles R. Parsons, sketched and drawn; Currier & Ives, New York. · 1878 · Public domain.
Cited
Panoramic view of the city of Minneapolis
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, G4144.M5A3 1879 .R8.
A. Ruger; J. J. Stoner; Beck & Pauli, lithographers. Looking north-west. · 1879 · Public domain.
Cited
View of Duluth, Minn.
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division; Wikimedia scan of the 1883 lithograph (LOC 75694637).
H. Wellge; J. J. Stoner; Beck & Pauli, lithographers. · 1883 · Public domain.
Cited
Paris from a balloon — Exposition Universelle
Library of Congress, Tissandier Collection, cph.3b40741.
Alphonse Liébert, photographer. From a balloon above the Trocadéro. · 1889 · Public domain (Liébert died 1913; published 1889).
Cited
St. Paul, looking west from Dayton’s Bluff
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, G4144.S4A3 1893 .B7.
Brown, Treacy & Co., Saint Paul. · 1893 · Public domain.
Cited
United States Capitol — the Walter dome rising
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, ppmsca.99719.
Unidentified photographer. Period print of the dome under construction. · c. 1861 · Public domain.
Cited
Crystal Palace, Sydenham
Library of Congress stereo collection (1s08531).
Period stereograph of the palace after its 1854 re-erection at Sydenham. · c. 1860s · Public domain.
Cited
San Francisco in ruins from a captive airship
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, LC-DIG-ppmsca-07823.
George R. Lawrence Co. Camera suspended from kites, 28 May 1906. · 1906 · Public domain (published 1906).
Cited
Flatiron Building, Fifth Avenue and Broadway
New York Public Library, Image ID 804860. Gelatin silver print issued 1902.
Detroit Photographic Co. · 1902 · Public domain.
Cited
Metropolitan Cathedral, Mexico City
Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing, 4a03445.
Detroit Publishing Company. · c. 1904 · Public domain.
Cited
City Hall, Philadelphia
Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing, 4a12414.
Detroit Publishing Company. · c. 1904 · Public domain.
Cited
Melbourne from the dome of the Exhibition Building
Library of Congress stereo collection (1s16949).
Period stereograph. Camera on the 1880 Exhibition Building. · c. 1905 · Public domain.
Cited
The Taj Mahal from the garden
Library of Congress stereo collection (1s26440).
Period stereograph (Underwood-type tourist issue). · c. 1903 · Public domain.
Cited
Singer Tower from the North River
Library of Congress stereo collection (1s07592).
Period stereograph from a ferry in the Hudson. · c. 1909 · Public domain.
Cited
Woolworth Building — ironwork, 4 April 1912
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, ppmsca.54252.
Unidentified photographer. Dated on the negative 4 April 1912. · 1912 · Public domain.
Cited
Woolworth Building
Library of Congress stereo collection (1s06999).
Period stereograph. Issued as the tower newly completed. · c. 1913 · Public domain.
Cited
Looking down from the Woolworth tower
Library of Congress stereo collection (1s07820).
Period stereograph from the new tower. · c. 1913 · Public domain.
Cited
The Pyramids of El-Geezeh, from the south-west
Albumen print from Frith’s Egypt expedition, 1857–58. Wikimedia Commons scan of a published Frith plate.
Francis Frith · 1857–58 · Public domain (Frith died 1898; published 1850s).
Cited
Angkor Wat
Wikimedia Commons scan of a nineteenth-century photograph of Angkor Wat.
Period photograph. Early camera records of the site include Émile Gsell (1866) and John Thomson. The photographer of this specific scan is not fixed on the file. · 1860s · Public domain (nineteenth-century photograph; Gsell died 1879, Thomson died 1921).
Cited
Avenue de l’Opéra, toward Palais Garnier
Wikimedia Commons scan of a period photograph looking down Avenue de l’Opéra toward Palais Garnier.
Period photograph of the completed avenue. Marville photographed the new cut in 1877–78; others issued similar views. Photographer of this specific scan is not fixed on the file. · c. 1878 · Public domain (nineteenth-century photograph).
Cited
Hagia Sophia from the south
Wikimedia Commons scan of a late-nineteenth-century photograph of Hagia Sophia.
Period photograph. Abdullah Frères and others issued exterior views of Ayasofya in these decades. Photographer of this specific scan is not fixed on the file. · c. 1880–1900 · Public domain (nineteenth-century photograph).
Cited
Palais Garnier
Wikimedia Commons scan of a late-nineteenth-century photograph of Palais Garnier.
Period photograph of the completed opera. Photographer and exact year are not fixed on this scan. · c. 1880–1900 · Public domain (nineteenth-century photograph).
Cited
Casa Rosada
Wikimedia Commons scan; related views are held by the Archivo General de la Nación Argentina (inventory series of the Casa de Gobierno, late nineteenth century).
Unidentified photographer. Period photograph of the Casa de Gobierno. · c. 1890 · Public domain (Argentina; nineteenth-century photograph).
Cited
State Street, Chicago
Wikimedia Commons scan of an 1893 photograph of State Street, Chicago. Related: Library of Congress stereo 1s12691.
Period photograph of the rebuilt commercial street. Underwood & Underwood / J. T. Jarvis issued a stereo of State Street in 1893 (LOC LCCN 96503107). This scan is a matching street view of that year. · 1893 · Public domain (U.S. publication, 1893).
Cited
Royal Exhibition Building
Wikimedia Commons scan of a nineteenth-century photograph of the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne.
Period photograph of the 1880 Exhibition Building. Exact photographer and year of this scan are not fixed on the file. · c. 1880s · Public domain (nineteenth-century photograph).
Cited
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
Wikimedia Commons scan of an early-twentieth-century photograph of the original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow.
Period photograph of the cathedral standing. Photographer of this scan is not fixed on the file. · c. 1900 · Public domain (pre-revolutionary Russian photograph).
Cited
Bird’s eye view of the city of Annapolis, Md.
New York Public Library Digital Collections, Stokes P.1863-G-63 (Hades-119010-53959). Scan of the lithograph. Not a redraw.
Possibly Edward Sachse, artist and lithographer. · 1864 · Public domain.
Cited
Bird’s eye view of the city of Omaha, Nebraska
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 73693495. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
A. Ruger, drawn; Chicago Lithographing Co. · 1868 · Public domain.
Cited
Bird’s eye view of Kansas City, Missouri. Jan’y. 1869
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 73693480. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
A. Ruger, drawn; A. C. Christy credited on the sheet as photographer; Merchant’s Lithographing Company; Ruger & Stoner. · 1869 · Public domain.
Cited
Bird’s eye view of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 75696611. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
Augustus Koch, drawn; Chicago Lithographing Co. · 1870 · Public domain.
Cited
Birds eye view of the city of Atlanta, the capitol of Georgia
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 73693339. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
A. Ruger. The sheet says “Looking north east.” · 1871 · Public domain.
Cited
Milwaukee, Wis.
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 76693067. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
H. H. Bailey; Milwaukee Lithographing & Engraving Co. · 1872 · Public domain.
Cited
Bird’s eye view of Louisville, Kentucky
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 73693416. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
A. Ruger; Charles Shober & Co.; Chicago Lithographing Co. · 1876 · Public domain.
Cited
Bird’s eye view of the city of Seattle, Puget Sound, Washington Territory
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 75696660. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
E. S. Glover; A. L. Bancroft & Company. · 1878 · Public domain.
Cited
Bird’s eye view of Leadville, Lake County, Colo.
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 75693139. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
Augustus Koch; Ramsey, Millett & Hudson, lithographers. · 1879 · Public domain.
Cited
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, panoramic maps, item 75696521. Direct scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
T. M. Fowler, delineated; James B. Moyer, published. · 1902 · Public domain.
Cited
High Street, Oxford
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.2008.40.911. Scale of that scan. Not a redraw.
William Henry Fox Talbot. Calotype. LACMA dates the negative circa 1839 and the print 1844. · printed 1844 · Public domain.
Cited
Street view in Cairo
Rijksmuseum, RP-F-F80037 (CC0). English title on the object: Street View in Cairo. Scale of that scan.
Francis Frith. Signed and dated on the print: Frith 1858. · 1858 · CC0 1.0.
Cited
Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives
Albumen print from Frith’s 1857–58 expedition. Wikimedia Commons scan of the published plate. Scale of that raster.
Francis Frith. · 1858 · Public domain (Frith died 1898; published 1850s).
Cited
Old Bridge over the Moldau
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, cph 3c08995, LCCN 94512595. Albumen print, catalog date 1860, no. 289 in an album (opposite p. 148). Scale of that scan.
Unidentified photographer. The caption names the subject, not the maker. · 1860 · Public domain. No known restrictions on publication in the United States (Library of Congress).
Cited
Washington Street, Boston
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, DP243004 (CC0). Catalog date circa 1860. Scale of that scan.
James Wallace Black. · c. 1860 · CC0 1.0.
Cited
Yokohama from the hill
Period Beato panorama of the treaty-port settlement, taken from a hill above the town (often identified as the Governor’s Hill view). Wikimedia Commons scan. The join lines are on the object. Scale of that raster. Not a redraw.
Felice Beato. Joined panoramic photograph, 1863. · 1863 · Public domain.
Cited
Princes Street and the Scott Monument
Rijksmuseum, RP-F-F04809 (CC0). Catalog range about 1850–1880. Both frames kept. Not cropped.
Unidentified photographer. A numbered stereograph. The maker is not fixed on the card. · ca. 1850–1880 · CC0 1.0.
Cited
Lick House, Montgomery Street front
New York Public Library Digital Collections, Watkins stereo of the Lick House front. The card is captioned “Lick House, Montgomery Street Front.” Both frames kept. Not cropped. Scale of that scan.
Carleton E. Watkins. Stereograph. New York Public Library dates the negative between 1861 and 1873. · 1861–1873 · Public domain.
Cited
Shaik Memon Street, Bombay
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.90.24.11. The print is inscribed “Bombay. The Shaik Memon Street.” LACMA’s title spells it Said-Memon. Scale of that scan.
Samuel Bourne. LACMA dates the albumen print to the late 1860s. · late 1860s · Public domain.
Cited
Central Street, Chinese City, Peking
Wellcome Collection, L0040977. View from the city wall near the central gate between the Chinese and Tatar quarters; the caption names a white marble bridge (Beggars’ Bridge). Date between 1868 and 1870. Scale of that scan.
Photographer not named on the Wellcome record. · 1868–1870 · CC BY 4.0. Credit: Wellcome Collection, L0040977.
Cited
The street called Straight
Albumen print. Library of Congress, LCCN 92513509, which dates it 1870. Caption: “DAMASCUS. The Street called ‘Straight.’” Scale of that scan.
Félix Bonfils. The plate is marked “918. Bonfils.” · 1870 · Public domain.
Cited
Rue de Rivoli and the Hôtel du Louvre
Wikimedia Commons scan of Jouvin’s view, catalogued as published between 1860 and 1870. Scale of that scan.
Hippolyte Jouvin. Published between 1860 and 1870. Commons describes the object as a stereograph; this scan is one elevated view, with no second frame on the file. · between 1860 and 1870 · Public domain.
Cited
Town Hall, Calcutta
Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, TM-60003661. Scale of that scan.
Samuel Bourne. The catalog title says about 1870. No separate date is printed on this file. · ca. 1870 · CC BY 4.0. Credit: Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, TM-60003661; photographer Samuel Bourne.
Cited
The Bund, Shanghai
Wikimedia Commons scan of Lai Afong’s Bund view. The metadata date is circa 1875; the filename is earlier. Scale of that scan.
Lai Afong. Catalog date circa 1875. The file name says c. 1870. · c. 1875 · Public domain.
Cited
Cologne Cathedral, south side, towers scaffolded
Wikimedia Commons scan of the cabinet card, front and back together. Albumen print, about 1880. The picture on the card is small. This is that scan, not a larger negative.
Theodor Creifelds. The card back is lettered Photographische Anstalt Th. Creifelds, Domkloster, Cöln. · ca. 1880 · Public domain.
Cited
Unter den Linden, from west to east
Wikimedia Commons scan. Catalogued as Unter den Linden from west to east, between 1886 and 1892. Scale of that scan.
Friedrich Albert Schwartz. · 1886–1892 · Public domain.
Cited
Algiers from the Casbah
Rijksmuseum, RP-F-F01088-L (CC0). Catalog range about 1880–1900. Caption on the print: “Panorama d’Alger. Vue prise de la Casbah.” The album page is kept.
The print is lettered “ND. Phot.” — Neurdein — and numbered 211. No personal name beyond that mark. · ca. 1880–1900 · CC0 1.0.
Cited
Collins Street, Grosvenor Chambers
State Library of Victoria albumen print, Collins Street near Spring Street. Catalog range 1880–1900. The facade in the picture is lettered Grosvenor Chambers, completed 1888, so the exposure is not earlier than that. Scale of that scan.
Uncertain. State Library of Victoria holds the view; a possible attribution to Charles Cheney Simpson is not fixed on the print. · 1888–1900 · Public domain.
Cited
Central Rio from Morro do Castelo
Instituto Moreira Salles. A view of the center from Morro do Castelo, catalogued about 1885–1895. Scale of that scan.
Photographer not named. Not attributed here to Marc Ferrez. The record used does not name him. · ca. 1885–1895 · Public domain.
Cited
Red Square
Rijksmuseum, RP-F-F01126-K (CC0). Catalog range about 1890–1900. The album mount is kept.
Photographer not named. A colored photographic print in an album. Not filed as a photochrom. · ca. 1890–1900 · CC0 1.0.
Named · for sourcing
Enki and Ninmah
No citation is filed.
Sumerian. Known from Old Babylonian copies. Not a single autograph date. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Inanna and Enki
No citation is filed.
Sumerian. Sumerian literary composition. Copy dates are later than any first telling. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Inanna’s Descent to the Netherworld
No citation is filed.
Sumerian. Sumerian. The netherworld rules are stated inside the poem. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Eridu Genesis (Sumerian flood story)
No citation is filed.
Sumerian. Fragmentary. The surviving pieces are not a complete tablet. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Sumerian King List
No citation is filed.
Sumerian. Several versions. Antediluvian sections are not uniform across copies. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Enūma Eliš
No citation is filed.
Akkadian (Babylonian). Babylonian creation poem. Often placed in the later second millennium BCE. Copies continue long after. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Atraḫasīs
No citation is filed.
Akkadian. Old Babylonian copies exist, with later editions. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Gilgamesh, tablet XI
No citation is filed.
Akkadian (Standard Babylonian). Standard Babylonian epic. A flood tale told inside a later frame. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Gilgamesh, tablet I
No citation is filed.
Akkadian (Standard Babylonian). Opening of the Standard Babylonian epic. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Adapa
No citation is filed.
Akkadian. Known from Amarna and later copies. The middle is fragmentary. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Descent of Ishtar
No citation is filed.
Akkadian. Akkadian poem parallel to Inanna’s Descent, not the same text. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Etana
No citation is filed.
Akkadian. Old Babylonian and later copies. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1–36)
No citation is filed.
Aramaic fragments; Geʿez the continuous text. Oldest section of the collection. Qumran fragments. Not the same date as the Parables. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Book of Parables (1 Enoch 37–71)
No citation is filed.
Geʿez; Aramaic original not found at Qumran. Later than the Watchers. Often placed around the late first century BCE or after. Uncertain. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Astronomical Book (1 Enoch 72–82)
No citation is filed.
Aramaic fragments at Qumran; Geʿez. Early Enochic. The astronomical scheme is its own booklet. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Book of Dream Visions (1 Enoch 83–90)
No citation is filed.
Geʿez, with Aramaic fragments of related material. Includes the Animal Apocalypse. Second century BCE is a common placement. Not certain to the year. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 91–108)
No citation is filed.
Geʿez; Aramaic fragments include the Apocalypse of Weeks. Includes the Apocalypse of Weeks. Composite. No edition, translator, or copy-text is filed.
Named · for sourcing
The 12th Planet (1976)
No citation is filed.
Zecharia Sitchin. Title as written in the author file. No publisher, edition, or page is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Fingerprints of the Gods (1995)
No citation is filed.
Graham Hancock. Title as written in the author file. No publisher, edition, or page is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Magicians of the Gods (2015)
No citation is filed.
Graham Hancock. Title as written in the author file. No publisher, edition, or page is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Chariots of the Gods (German edition 1968)
No citation is filed.
Erich von Däniken. Title as written in the author file. No publisher, edition, or page is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882)
No citation is filed.
Ignatius Donnelly. Title as written in the author file. No publisher, edition, or page is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Ragnarok (1883)
No citation is filed.
Ignatius Donnelly. Title as written in the author file. No publisher, edition, or page is filed.
Named · for sourcing
Worlds in Collision (1950)
No citation is filed.
Immanuel Velikovsky. Worlds in Collision (1950). Catastrophe and myth compared across cultures. Not a record yet. No publisher or edition is filed.
Named · for sourcing
The Sirius Mystery (1976)
No citation is filed.
Robert Temple. The Sirius Mystery (1976). Dogon teaching and what was written down when. A How We Know problem. Not opened here. No publisher or edition is filed.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Science
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. This row is a present-day description of a method, not a sacred book. Writing that counts as science is ongoing.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Judaism
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The oldest Hebrew biblical manuscripts of any length are among the Dead Sea Scrolls, from about the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE. Short earlier inscriptions exist, including the Ketef Hinnom amulets, often dated to the late 7th or early 6th century BCE.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Enochic / Dead Sea Scroll Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Aramaic pieces of the Book of the Watchers and the Astronomical Book are among the Dead Sea Scrolls, commonly placed in the last centuries BCE. A continuous book survives in Geʿez, in medieval manuscripts.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Christianity
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The earliest surviving Christian writings are letters of Paul, from about the 50s CE. The gospels are later in the 1st century. The oldest substantial gospel manuscripts are still later copies, from the 2nd century onward.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Islam
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Qur’an is traditionally compiled in the mid-7th century. Early manuscript fragments are also 7th century. One folio’s parchment has been radiocarbon-dated to a range overlapping that century. That dates the skin, not by itself the day the ink was written.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Hindu Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Vedas were carried orally. The oldest manuscripts of them are medieval, many centuries after any plausible date of composition. A few names of Vedic-like gods appear in a Mitanni treaty of about the 14th century BCE. That is a linguistic trace, not a Veda.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Buddhist Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The earliest datable mentions of the Buddha are Ashokan inscriptions of the 3rd century BCE. They are not the canon. Among the oldest Buddhist manuscripts are Gandhāran texts from about the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Daoist Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The oldest Daodejing manuscripts are the Guodian bamboo slips, from a tomb of about 300 BCE, and the Mawangdui silk copies, buried in 168 BCE.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Ancient Egyptian
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Pyramid Texts were carved in royal pyramids around the 24th century BCE. They are contemporary inscriptions of that ritual literature. They are not a handbook of all Egyptian religion for the next two thousand years.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Mesopotamian Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Royal inscriptions in Sumerian and Akkadian are contemporary with the kings who commissioned them, from the third millennium BCE onward. Mythic poems more often survive as later copies.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Norse Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The main mythic books are 13th-century Icelandic: Snorri Sturluson’s Edda around 1220, and the Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda around 1270.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Anishinaabe / Ojibwe Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. This is an oral tradition of a living people. Extended writing about it is mostly 19th- and 20th-century: ethnographers, and also Anishinaabe authors and teachers. Midewiwin birchbark scrolls belong to one society, not to every community, and they are not a dated public archive.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Mesoamerican / Maya Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Classic Maya inscriptions on stone, from about the 3rd to the 9th century CE, are contemporary texts of the cities that carved them. Three or four Postclassic books survive (the Dresden Codex and others). Most books were destroyed.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Zoroastrianism
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The oldest Avestan manuscripts we have are medieval, mostly from the 13th century onward. The language of the Gathas is much older than those copies. A Sassanian written Avesta is reported by later Pahlavi books and does not itself survive.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Latter-day Saint Tradition
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830. Parts of the original manuscript and the printer’s manuscript survive. Doctrine and Covenants and Joseph Smith’s papers are likewise 19th-century documents of the movement.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Scientology
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Dianetics was published in 1950. L. Ron Hubbard’s books and lectures from the following decades are the movement’s own texts. They are contemporary with the founding.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Astrological Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The oldest surviving celestial-omen series are Mesopotamian tablets, especially Enūma Anu Enlil, from the second and first millennia BCE. Personal birth-chart astrology is later, Hellenistic, from about the last two centuries BCE, known through Greek papyri and much later manuscripts.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Sumerian Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Contemporary Sumerian royal inscriptions exist from the late third millennium BCE. The literary stories used on this row — Enki and Ninmah, Inanna’s descent, the flood pieces, the King List — are known mainly from Old Babylonian copies in the early second millennium, and from still later copies.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Greek Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Iliad and the Odyssey were probably written down in the 8th or 7th century BCE, from oral poetry. The famous medieval manuscripts, such as the 10th-century Venetus A, are copies. Vase paintings from the 6th century BCE show myths without quoting the poems.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Jainism
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Śvetāmbara canon is traditionally said to have been written at a council in Valabhī in the 5th century CE. That date is traditional. The oldest surviving Āgama manuscripts are medieval. Digambara tradition holds that the ancient canon was lost.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Sikhism
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Ādi Granth was compiled in 1604 under Gurū Arjan. The Kartarpur manuscript is associated with that compilation. The Gurū Granth Sāhib as the final form dates to 1708. These books are close to the Gurū period (Nānak died in 1539).
Unfilled · for sourcing
Shinto
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Kojiki (712) and the Nihon Shoki (720) are the earliest extended mythic texts. They were compiled at the Japanese court. Shrine practice is older than those books as an activity, and those books are not shrine ledgers.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Chinese Traditional Religion/Cosmology
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The earliest Chinese writing is Shang oracle bones, about 1250–1050 BCE. They are contemporary records of royal divination. They are not a cosmology textbook and not a village temple’s manual.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Gnostic Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The earliest extended reports are hostile outside accounts, especially Irenaeus, around 180 CE. The Nag Hammadi codices are Coptic books of the 4th century, copies of translations of Greek works that are mostly lost.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Hermetic Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Greek Corpus Hermeticum survives in Byzantine manuscripts. The treatises are commonly dated by scholars to Roman Egypt, roughly the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. That is a reconstruction, not a date written on a title page. The Asclepius survives in Latin.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Yoruba Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. There is no ancient Yoruba canon in manuscript. Ifá and other teachings are oral. Extended writing is largely 19th- and 20th-century: missionaries and colonial writers, and Yoruba authors, with diaspora traditions in Cuba and Brazil written down on their own timelines.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Polynesian Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Extended writing begins with foreign contact: explorers in the late 18th century, missionaries in the 19th, and Indigenous authors in the same era. George Grey’s Polynesian Mythology (1855) is a collector’s English book of Māori tradition. David Malo wrote on Hawaiʻi in the early 19th century; publication came later.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Australian Aboriginal Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Rock art and other traces of occupation are ancient, and some paintings are many thousands of years old by archaeological dating. Those dates do not decode a story. Writing about the traditions is colonial and recent: outsiders’ ethnography, and Aboriginal authors speaking for their own countries.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Andean/Inca Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The Inca did not leave a narrative script we can read. Quipu are largely undeciphered as literature. The main written accounts are Spanish and Andean writers after the conquest, from the mid-16th century on. Felipe Guaman Poma’s chronicle is about 1615.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Celtic Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The only substantial pre-Christian Celtic writing is short: inscriptions, and the Coligny calendar (2nd century CE), which is a calendar, not a myth. Caesar’s Gallic War is an outside account of druids. Irish and Welsh stories survive in medieval Christian manuscripts, the Táin in copies from the 12th century and later, the Mabinogi in 14th-century manuscripts.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Baháʼí Faith
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. The writings of Baháʼu’lláh are 19th-century texts in Persian and Arabic, contemporary with his life (1817–1892). The Báb’s writings are slightly earlier in the same century. Originals and early copies are kept by the community.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Indigenous North American Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. There is no earliest document for “Indigenous North American traditions,” because that is not one tradition. Each people has its own chain. Separate rows exist for Anishinaabe, Haudenosaunee, Lakota / Dakota, Diné, and Hopi. This umbrella is not their source.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Haudenosaunee / Iroquois Confederacy Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Oral tradition of the nations of the Confederacy. What libraries hold is later writing, by nation historians and by outsiders. No manuscript canon is filed, and no start century is assigned.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Lakota / Dakota Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Oral traditions of distinct peoples filed on one row only so they are not forced into someone else’s. Extended writing is mostly later, by Dakota and Lakota authors and by outsiders. No manuscript canon is filed, and no start century is assigned.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Diné / Navajo Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Oral narrative and ceremony of the Diné. Public tellings of emergence, the mountains, and hózhǫ́ are what this row uses. The chants themselves are not reproduced. No manuscript canon is filed, and no start century is assigned.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Hopi Traditions
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. Oral and clan teaching. Emergence, Maasaw, the katsinam, and the covenant are public enough to file in outline. Ceremony is not described. No manuscript canon is filed, and no start century is assigned.
Unfilled · for sourcing
The Living Realm
No citation is filed.
How We Know, already written — not a citation. This row was written for this chart as a working synthesis. It has no ancient source.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Charles Hapgood
No citation is filed.
Ancient maps and a shifting-crust hypothesis. Cited from the Hancock page. Not a record yet.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Robert Bauval
No citation is filed.
Orion correlation and Egyptian monuments. Not a record yet, and not an Egyptian text.
Unfilled · for sourcing
John Anthony West
No citation is filed.
Egypt and the Sphinx-weathering argument. Not a record yet.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Robert Schoch
No citation is filed.
A geological case about the Sphinx enclosure. A different route from the myth writers. Not a record yet.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Rand and Rose Flem-Ath
No citation is filed.
Antarctica and crust displacement. Not a record yet.
Unfilled · for sourcing
Andrew Collins
No citation is filed.
Göbekli Tepe, astronomy, and Watcher traditions. Not a record yet.
Unfilled · for sourcing
David Hatcher Childress
No citation is filed.
A wide catalog of lost-city and ancient-technology claims. Not one thesis, and not a record yet.